????:1?????????????:???????

2???????

3??????v

4????????

5??????

?????????(??)

???????????????,???????“???”???,?????????

??????????,????“?????????”???????“????????????”,??“??????”????,????????????,???????,??“???????”??????????????????????????????,??,?????????

??????,??????????1840??,????????????????????????????????????,??????????,????????????????????“????”??????,??????????,????????????????????????????,????????,????1945????,??,???1949???????????????,???????????,???????????????,??,?????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,??????????,??

????,???????????,????????????????????“?????????”??????,????????????,???“??????”??????????????,??“???????”?,????????????????“?????”???????????????,????????????????“?????????????????????????”“??”,??????????“???”?????????????????????“??”????????,???

?????????????????????????????,?????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????????????,???????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????“????”,???????,??????????“??”???????????????,???,???????????,?????????????

???:?????????