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5???????????
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2024????????8??????????????????????????20????????,??????(AS689)???????,[1]?17%-36.3%??????????(????9%)??????????????????????2023???????9????????????????????13??????????,???????????????????,?2023????????????10??4?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????,?????,????????,???????????(???????????????????????????)?????????????????,??????«??»???????????????,???????????????????2019???«?????????????????????»???,???????????,??????????????2020???????????????,?????«???»,????????,???????????????????????,??????,??????????????,???????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????
?????????
(???)????????,????????????????
1. ???
????????,???????????1951???????,????(???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?????«????????»,???????(ECSC),??????????????????????,????,????????????????????????????????
1957??,??????«?????????????????????»??????????«?????????????»??????(Euratom),?????(????),?,???????,????????????????????????????????????????(EEC),???????,????????????,????????????92???????????94???????????????????????(state aid),????????????[2]
2. ?
1965???????,?????????«?????????????»,????????,???????????,?????,????????????????????????«???»??
1974?,???«???????????????????????????????1985??????????????????????»,???1985??????????????????50%,????????????????????,????[3]
?????????????????,????????,????????????????????????,????,?,???
(??????????????)??
1980??????????,???????«?1990????????????????»,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????[4]???1974??
1986????,?????????????????«?»,[5]???????????????????,???,????????????????
????????????,??????,??????,???????????????
????????????????????????????
1992???????????????,?????????«???????????????»(??????????«??????????????????»),???????????(EU),????????????????????????(EEC)??????(EC),??????????????????«???????????????»???«?????»????????????????
????«????????»?,?????????????????????????????,«???»??????????130??????,???????????
??????,??????,??????????????????????????????
(??????)???????????
1995??,???????????????«????????????»??,????????????????????????,???????[6]
1997???????,????????????«????????????????:?????????????????????»??,[7]????,???????????,???????
2000?????????,?«???????»??????????,????????????????????????,????[8]
?????,?????????????????????,????????????????
(?????????????????)???
???????????,???????????????????2006???????????«?????????????????????????????»????,??????????????,??????,?????????????????,???[9]
2007??????,??????????????????«????????»,??«?»?????????????«???????»,??«????»??????????«???????????»??????????????????,«???????»??????88?????????????????????4?????,???,???????«??????????»?????????????????????,??????????????????????????????[10]
2010????,????«???????2020??????????????????????????????»,??,???????????[11]
2011????????????????????????,???????«2050???????????????»,????2020????????????????????????,???????????,????????????????????(???????????????????????????????????)????????????????,????????[12]
???,?????,???????????????
??????????????????????????
???????«?»???107?????????,????????????????????????,??????????????(??????????????????????),??????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????,?????????????,?????????,?????;?,??????????????
?2023???????????7???????????????????WTO??????????,[13]??????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,????2021-2022???????????????2273.5?????????????????????
???????????????????,??????????,??,???????????????????
(??)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
1. ?????????????????
2014????,???????«2030?????»,?2030???????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???,?????2030???????????????27%,?????????????[14]
2015?,???«??»,???????????,????????????????????,??????????????,?,???????[15]
2018????,??????????????????????«?»,?????2030????????????32%,?????[16]
?,???«?????????????????????????????????????????»,???2050????????????,???????????????????????????????????,????????????????,????,????[17]
2. ?«?????????»???????«???»????????????????
2019???????????????????,??????????????«????????????????????»,?????????????,???,?????????2030?????????????????????1990???55%??2050????????????????????????
?????,???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,«??»???:??????????;??????????????????????????????????????;???????????????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????,?????????,???[18]
2020????????3??????????,????????????????????«????????????»,?????????????????:??;??????????;???????2021??????????????????????????5??????????[19]?????????????????????????????,?????,????????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????(IPCEI)???????????????????,??
2022??,????????,?????????????,??REPowerEU???,??????????????????????????,?????????????,??2030???45%,????????????????????????????????[20]
3. ?
2023???????????,?????????????«???»,??«?????????????????????»,??????????,????????????????????????????[21]
2024?????????????????????????????????????,?????????«???????????????»??«??»???«????????»??????????????
«?????????????»??????????[22]????????????????????????;????????????????2030????,??????40%;??????(NZSPs),??????,?;???«??????»??,????????
«?????????????????????»??????????????,??????????????2030???????????????,??????????????????,?????-????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????
(???????????????????????????)????????????????????????
1. ?????????
2018?????????,???«?????:??????????????»,??????????????,????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????(electro-mobility,????????????????????????)?
?????????(CEF),????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???,?????????????????
2. ???????
2017??????????,?????????????????,???,?????????????????????????,?,???????????[23]
2018?,?????????????«???????»,???????????????????????????????????????,???[24]?,??????????????:???;????,??????????????;???????????????,?????;???;??(?);?????
??????????????,?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????
(???????)????????????????
1. ?????????????
2022??????????????????????????????,?????«?????»,?????????????2025?????320??????????????(GW)????2030?????600??????????????[25]??,?????
??????,?:??????????????,??;??????;?????,?????????????;????
2. ???????????
??????????????????????,???,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????????????????????????,??;??????,?????????????????;????????????;???????????;???????????????????????
2024???,????????«?????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????(?)???????????????????????????????????????,?,???????????????
??????,??????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,????
???????????????????????????:?? - ????????????????????
(???????)?????:????????????????????????????
??????????????2006??????,???????????????????????????«???????????»«??????????»«?????????»?,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????
???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,???????????????2020????2?????2026??????12?????????????????31?????????????????????,???????7230??????????????,???3380??????????????????????,3850?????????????????????????????????,??????????????37%?????????????????2024????4??????????????,??????????????????????879????????????????,?????????????25.7%?[26]
?(CEF)????«??????????????????????»??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?,??????????59.4????????[27]
???????????????????????,??:???????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????[28]?????????????????2023?,???????????????????2021-2022??????????2273.5??????
(????????????????????????)???:??????????????????
?????????????????????,??????????????????????,?????????!
????????,????????????????????????,???????????,?????????????,???????????????????,??[29]
???8???20?,??,?????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,?,??????,?????????????????????????,?????????????[30]
????,??????????????????????2035?????,????????????,???????????????????(????????????????)??????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????[31]
2024????????????????????????8??????????9?,?????(WT/DS626?????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????????«??»??????????????6????????????????????«??»???1?????2????10??????????17??????????????19????????????????????????22???????32??????,????????????,???????????????
(???????????)????????:??????????????????????
??????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?«?????????????»«????????????????»«???????????????»?????????????,????????,??????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??
?????????????,??,??????????????,???????????????,????????????????,????????????????
???1957?????????????«??????????»???????????????????????,????????«????????????»??????,????????????????????????,???????????????????????
????????????????????,2018?2024??8???,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362??????????(?????????????320?),???????????????????68???????????????????????(??????21%),???????????????61???????(??17%)?[33]??????,??????,?????????????????
??|????? ??????? ??
???????????
[1]?????:
[2]?????«???»????????????????????????298?????51????????52???????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]?????????:??????????????????????????????,2024???????????4?????????????????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?????????:
[30]????????????:
[31]
[32]???????(WT/DS626???????????):
[33] ????????????:?????????