? ????????

2024????????8??????????????????????????20????????,??????(AS689)???????,[1]?17%-36.3%??????????(????9%)??????????????????????2023???????9????????????????????13??“??????”??,???????????????????,?2023????????????10??4?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“????????????”?????????,????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????,?????,????????,??“?????????”(???????????????????????????)?????????????????,??????«??»???????????????,?“??????????”????????2019???«?????????????????????»???,???????????,?“????????”?????2020???????????????,?????«???»,????????,???????“??????????????”??,??????,??????????????,???????????

??????????“?????????????????????????????”??????????????????,????????????

?????????

(???)????????,????????????????

1. ???

????????,???????????1951???????,????(???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?????«????????»,????“???”(ECSC),??????????????????????,????,????????????????????????????????

1957??,??????«?????????????????????»??????????«?????????????»???“???”(Euratom),?????(????),?,???????,??????????????????????????“??????????????”(EEC),???????,????????????,????????????92???????????94???????????????????????(state aid),????????????[2]

2. ?

1965???????,?????????«?????????????»,????????,???????????,?????,????????????????????????«???»??

1974?,???«???????????????????????????????1985??????????????????????»,???1985??????????????????50%,????????????????????,????[3]

?????????????????,????????,????????????????????????,????,?,???

(??????????????)??

1980??????????,???????«?1990????????????????»,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????[4]???1974??

1986????,?????????????????«?»,[5]???????????????????,???,????????????????

????????????,??????,??????,???????????????

????????????????????????????

1992???????????????,?????????«???????????????»(??????????«??????????????????»),???“????????”(EU),??????????????????????“??”(EEC)???“???”(EC),??????????????????«???????????????»???«?????»????????????????

????«????????»?,?????????????????????????????,«???»??????????130??????,???????????

??????,??????,?????????“????????”?????????????

(??????)???????????

1995??,???????????????«????????????»??,????????????????????????,???????[6]

1997???????,????????????«????????????????:?????????????????????»??,[7]????,???????????,???????

2000?????????,?«???????»??????????,????????????????????????,????[8]

?????,?????????????????????,????????????????

(?????????????????)???

???????????,???????????????????2006???????????«?????????????????????????????»????,??????????????,??????,?????????????????,???[9]

2007??????,??????????????????«????????»,??«?»?????????????«???????»,??«????»??????????«???????????»??????????????????,«???????»??????88?????????????????????4?????,???,???????«??????????»??“???????”????????????,??????????????????????????????[10]

2010????,????«???????2020??????????????????????????????»,??,???????????[11]

2011????????????????????????,???????«2050???????????????»,????2020????????????????????????,???????????,????????????????????(???????????????????????????????????)????????????????,????????[12]

???,?????,???????????????

???????????????????“??”?????

???????«?»???107?????????,????????????????????????,??????????????(??????????????????????),??????????

???????????????????????????“?????????????????????????????”?:????????,?????????????,?????????,?????;?,??????????????

?2023???????????7???????????????????WTO??????????,[13]??????????????????????????????????????????????,?“???????????????”????????“?????”?????????????????,??????????,????2021-2022???????????????2273.5?????????????????????

???????????????????,?“?????”????,??,???????????????????

(??)????????????????????????????????????“????”?????????????????

1. ????“???”??????????

2014????,???????«2030?????»,?2030???????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???,?????2030???????????????27%,?????????????[14]

2015?,???«??»,??????????“?”,????????????????????,???????“?”??????,?,???????[15]

2018????,??????????????????????«?»,?????2030????????????32%,?????[16]

?,???«?????????????????????????????????????????»,???2050???“??????”???,?“???????????????????????????”???????,????????????????,????,????[17]

2. ?«?????????»???????«???»???????“???”??????

2019???????????????????,??????????????«????????????????????»,?????????????,???,?????????2030?????????????????????1990???55%??2050?????“???????????”????????

?????,???????????“????”????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????“?”??????????????,«??»???:??????????;??????????????????????????????????????;???????????????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????,?????????,???[18]

2020????????3??????????,????????????????????«????????????»,?????????????????:??;????“??????”;???????2021??????????????????????????5??????????[19]?????????????????????????????,?????,????????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????,????????“????????????”(IPCEI)???????????????????,??

2022??,????????,?????????????,??“REPowerEU”???,??????????????????????????,?????????????,??2030???45%,????????????????????????????????[20]

3. ?

2023???????????,?????????????«???»,??«?????????????????????»,??????????,???????????????????????“??”???[21]

2024?????????????????????????????????????,?????????«???????????????»??«??»???«????????»??????????????

«?????????????»??????????[22]??????“?????????????”?????;????????????????2030????,??????40%;????“??”(NZSPs),??????,?;???«??????»??,????????

«?????????????????????»??????????????,??????????????2030???????????????,??????????????????,?????-????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????“????????????????????”?????????

(???????????????????????????)????????????????????????

1. ?????????

2018?????????,???«?????:??????????????»,??????????????,????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????“??????????”(electro-mobility,????????????????????????)?

????“?????”(CEF),????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???,?????????????????

2. ???????

2017??????????,???????????????“??”,???,?????????????????????????,?,???????????[23]

2018?,?????????????«???????»,???????????????????????????????????????,???[24]?,??????????????:???;????,??????????????;???????????????,?????;???;??(?);?????

??????????????,?,???????????“???”????????????????????????“????????????”?????,?????????,????????????????????

(???????)????????????????

1. ?????????????

2022??????????????????????????????,?????«?????»,?????????????2025?????320??????????????(GW)????2030?????600??????????????[25]??,?????

??????,?:?????“?????????”,??;??????;?????,?????????????;????

2. ???????????

??????????????????????,???,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????????????????????????,??;??????,?????????????????;????????????;???????????;???????????????????????

2024???,????????«?????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????(?)???????????????????????????“?????????”???,?,???????????????

??????,??????,?????????????“??????”????????????????????????“?????”???,??????,????

???????????????????????????:?? - ????????????????????

(???????)?????:??????????“??????”????????????

??????????????2006??????,????????????????????“?”??????«???????????»«??????????»«?????????»?,?????,???????????????????“????????”??????????????????????????????,??????????????????

???????,“?????????????”?????“????????”????????????????????????,?????????????,???????????????2020????2?????2026??????12?????????????????31?????????????????????,???????7230??????????????,???3380??????????????????????,3850?????????????????????????????????,??????????????37%?????????????????2024????4??????????????,??????????????????????879????????????????,???“???”???????25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)????«??????????????????????»??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?,??????????59.4????????[27]

“??????????????????”?????,??:“????”“???????????????????”?????????“??”?“???”?,“???????”????????“???????????????????????”?????,“??????”????????????[28]“??????”???????????2023?,???????????????????2021-2022??????????2273.5??????

(????????????????????????)???:??????????????????

?“???????????????”?????,?????????“??”???????????,?????????!

????????,????????????????????????,???????????,?????????????,???????????????????,??[29]

???8???20?,??,?????,???“??????????????????????????”????????,???????????,??????????????????“?????????????”??“????”??????????????????,?,?,??????,???????????????????“??????”,?????????????[30]

????,??????????????????????2035?????,????????????,???????????????????(????????????????)??????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????[31]

2024????????????????????????8??????????9?,?????(WT/DS626?????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????????«??»??????????????6????????????????????«??»???1?????2????10??????????17??????????????19????????????????????????22???????32??????,????????????,???????????????

(???????????)????????:????????“???????”???????

??????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?«?????????????»«????????????????»«???????????????»?????????????,?“?????”??,??????,????????????????????“????????????????????????”??????????????????????????????,??

?????????????,??,??????????????,???????????????,????????????????,?“?????”??????????

???1957?????????????«??????????»??????????“?????????”????,????????«????????????»??????,????????????????????????,?????“????????????????”??

????????????????????,2018?2024??8???,???“???????????”???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362??????????(?????????????320?),???????????????????68???????????????????????(??????21%),???????????????61???????(??17%)?[33]??????,??????,?????“??????????”??

??|????? ??????? ??

???????????

[1]?????:

[2]?????«???»????????????????????????298?????51????????52???????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?????????:??????????????????????????????,2024???????????4?????????????????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?????????:

[30]????????????:

[31]

[32]???????(WT/DS626???????????):

[33] ????????????:????????? ??“????95?”????

?? ????????????“???”??????

????????????“???”??????
??
2024-08-24 00:32:32

????:1?????95?:??90?????

2??????????

3??????

4???????

5???????????

? ????????

2024????????8??????????????????????????20????????,??????(AS689)???????,[1]?17%-36.3%??????????(????9%)??????????????????????2023???????9????????????????????13??“??????”??,???????????????????,?2023????????????10??4?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“????????????”?????????,????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????,?????,????????,??“?????????”(???????????????????????????)?????????????????,??????«??»???????????????,?“??????????”????????2019???«?????????????????????»???,???????????,?“????????”?????2020???????????????,?????«???»,????????,???????“??????????????”??,??????,??????????????,???????????

??????????“?????????????????????????????”??????????????????,????????????

?????????

(???)????????,????????????????

1. ???

????????,???????????1951???????,????(???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?????«????????»,????“???”(ECSC),??????????????????????,????,????????????????????????????????

1957??,??????«?????????????????????»??????????«?????????????»???“???”(Euratom),?????(????),?,???????,??????????????????????????“??????????????”(EEC),???????,????????????,????????????92???????????94???????????????????????(state aid),????????????[2]

2. ?

1965???????,?????????«?????????????»,????????,???????????,?????,????????????????????????«???»??

1974?,???«???????????????????????????????1985??????????????????????»,???1985??????????????????50%,????????????????????,????[3]

?????????????????,????????,????????????????????????,????,?,???

(??????????????)??

1980??????????,???????«?1990????????????????»,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????[4]???1974??

1986????,?????????????????«?»,[5]???????????????????,???,????????????????

????????????,??????,??????,???????????????

????????????????????????????

1992???????????????,?????????«???????????????»(??????????«??????????????????»),???“????????”(EU),??????????????????????“??”(EEC)???“???”(EC),??????????????????«???????????????»???«?????»????????????????

????«????????»?,?????????????????????????????,«???»??????????130??????,???????????

??????,??????,?????????“????????”?????????????

(??????)???????????

1995??,???????????????«????????????»??,????????????????????????,???????[6]

1997???????,????????????«????????????????:?????????????????????»??,[7]????,???????????,???????

2000?????????,?«???????»??????????,????????????????????????,????[8]

?????,?????????????????????,????????????????

(?????????????????)???

???????????,???????????????????2006???????????«?????????????????????????????»????,??????????????,??????,?????????????????,???[9]

2007??????,??????????????????«????????»,??«?»?????????????«???????»,??«????»??????????«???????????»??????????????????,«???????»??????88?????????????????????4?????,???,???????«??????????»??“???????”????????????,??????????????????????????????[10]

2010????,????«???????2020??????????????????????????????»,??,???????????[11]

2011????????????????????????,???????«2050???????????????»,????2020????????????????????????,???????????,????????????????????(???????????????????????????????????)????????????????,????????[12]

???,?????,???????????????

???????????????????“??”?????

???????«?»???107?????????,????????????????????????,??????????????(??????????????????????),??????????

???????????????????????????“?????????????????????????????”?:????????,?????????????,?????????,?????;?,??????????????

?2023???????????7???????????????????WTO??????????,[13]??????????????????????????????????????????????,?“???????????????”????????“?????”?????????????????,??????????,????2021-2022???????????????2273.5?????????????????????

???????????????????,?“?????”????,??,???????????????????

(??)????????????????????????????????????“????”?????????????????

1. ????“???”??????????

2014????,???????«2030?????»,?2030???????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???,?????2030???????????????27%,?????????????[14]

2015?,???«??»,??????????“?”,????????????????????,???????“?”??????,?,???????[15]

2018????,??????????????????????«?»,?????2030????????????32%,?????[16]

?,???«?????????????????????????????????????????»,???2050???“??????”???,?“???????????????????????????”???????,????????????????,????,????[17]

2. ?«?????????»???????«???»???????“???”??????

2019???????????????????,??????????????«????????????????????»,?????????????,???,?????????2030?????????????????????1990???55%??2050?????“???????????”????????

?????,???????????“????”????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????“?”??????????????,«??»???:??????????;??????????????????????????????????????;???????????????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????,?????????,???[18]

2020????????3??????????,????????????????????«????????????»,?????????????????:??;????“??????”;???????2021??????????????????????????5??????????[19]?????????????????????????????,?????,????????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????,????????“????????????”(IPCEI)???????????????????,??

2022??,????????,?????????????,??“REPowerEU”???,??????????????????????????,?????????????,??2030???45%,????????????????????????????????[20]

3. ?

2023???????????,?????????????«???»,??«?????????????????????»,??????????,???????????????????????“??”???[21]

2024?????????????????????????????????????,?????????«???????????????»??«??»???«????????»??????????????

«?????????????»??????????[22]??????“?????????????”?????;????????????????2030????,??????40%;????“??”(NZSPs),??????,?;???«??????»??,????????

«?????????????????????»??????????????,??????????????2030???????????????,??????????????????,?????-????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????“????????????????????”?????????

(???????????????????????????)????????????????????????

1. ?????????

2018?????????,???«?????:??????????????»,??????????????,????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????“??????????”(electro-mobility,????????????????????????)?

????“?????”(CEF),????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???,?????????????????

2. ???????

2017??????????,???????????????“??”,???,?????????????????????????,?,???????????[23]

2018?,?????????????«???????»,???????????????????????????????????????,???[24]?,??????????????:???;????,??????????????;???????????????,?????;???;??(?);?????

??????????????,?,???????????“???”????????????????????????“????????????”?????,?????????,????????????????????

(???????)????????????????

1. ?????????????

2022??????????????????????????????,?????«?????»,?????????????2025?????320??????????????(GW)????2030?????600??????????????[25]??,?????

??????,?:?????“?????????”,??;??????;?????,?????????????;????

2. ???????????

??????????????????????,???,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????????????????????????,??;??????,?????????????????;????????????;???????????;???????????????????????

2024???,????????«?????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????(?)???????????????????????????“?????????”???,?,???????????????

??????,??????,?????????????“??????”????????????????????????“?????”???,??????,????

???????????????????????????:?? - ????????????????????

(???????)?????:??????????“??????”????????????

??????????????2006??????,????????????????????“?”??????«???????????»«??????????»«?????????»?,?????,???????????????????“????????”??????????????????????????????,??????????????????

???????,“?????????????”?????“????????”????????????????????????,?????????????,???????????????2020????2?????2026??????12?????????????????31?????????????????????,???????7230??????????????,???3380??????????????????????,3850?????????????????????????????????,??????????????37%?????????????????2024????4??????????????,??????????????????????879????????????????,???“???”???????25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)????«??????????????????????»??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?,??????????59.4????????[27]

“??????????????????”?????,??:“????”“???????????????????”?????????“??”?“???”?,“???????”????????“???????????????????????”?????,“??????”????????????[28]“??????”???????????2023?,???????????????????2021-2022??????????2273.5??????

(????????????????????????)???:??????????????????

?“???????????????”?????,?????????“??”???????????,?????????!

????????,????????????????????????,???????????,?????????????,???????????????????,??[29]

???8???20?,??,?????,???“??????????????????????????”????????,???????????,??????????????????“?????????????”??“????”??????????????????,?,?,??????,???????????????????“??????”,?????????????[30]

????,??????????????????????2035?????,????????????,???????????????????(????????????????)??????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????[31]

2024????????????????????????8??????????9?,?????(WT/DS626?????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????????«??»??????????????6????????????????????«??»???1?????2????10??????????17??????????????19????????????????????????22???????32??????,????????????,???????????????

(???????????)????????:????????“???????”???????

??????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?«?????????????»«????????????????»«???????????????»?????????????,?“?????”??,??????,????????????????????“????????????????????????”??????????????????????????????,??

?????????????,??,??????????????,???????????????,????????????????,?“?????”??????????

???1957?????????????«??????????»??????????“?????????”????,????????«????????????»??????,????????????????????????,?????“????????????????”??

????????????????????,2018?2024??8???,???“???????????”???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362??????????(?????????????320?),???????????????????68???????????????????????(??????21%),???????????????61???????(??17%)?[33]??????,??????,?????“??????????”??

??|????? ??????? ??

???????????

[1]?????:

[2]?????«???»????????????????????????298?????51????????52???????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?????????:??????????????????????????????,2024???????????4?????????????????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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[31]

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