????:1?????:???????????

2?????????

3???jw??ktv?????

4?????????????

5???????????

????????????????

????????? ??

?

??????????????“????”

??????????????????????????,??

?????????????????????,??????

(???????????)???????????

(??)??????

(??????)??????????????????

???,??????

?????,???????????

??????“??”,????

?????????

(????)?

(?)????????????

??????????????

???

?????(National Endowment for Democracy,????NED)?????????????????“?”,???,??????????????“?”?????,??,??????????,????,???,?,????,??????,??????????

??????????????,NED??,?,????????,?????,??????NED,?????????,?????NED????????,??????????NED??????,??????,??????????

?????????????“???”

NED?“????”?????????,?“??????”,???????“??”?

(?)NED????“?????????????”???????,?????????,?“?????”?20???????60????,??,?????????????????????????????????,NED???,???

(????????)NED???????1981????,???,?“??????????”,??????????????????,??????????????????“????”?1983????????NED?????,??????????????:??????,???????

(?????????????????????)NED??1983???????????????11?22??????????,??«???????????????»,????NED????????,???????????????????1983??????????NED?,????1800??40??????????,??????“?(USASpending)”??,2023??????3.15?????????,NED????

(???????????)NED????????????????????NED???,NED??????,????????«?»????????????????????????,??????NED?????????????????,????

(??????????)NED?????????,???????????«?»,NED??????????12????31?????NED???????????????????????,???????????????

(??)???????????NED?????????«???????»,NED????

(?)NED?????????????????????????????1995????????:“???????????,??,??,NED?”???????????????????«???:?»?????,?NED?????,?????????????

??????????????,????????

(??????????)?????2022?9?,?????????“????”?????????????,?????????????????,??2015???????2022?????????NED????????62.8???????«?????????»?,NED?“???????????”???????“???????????”????,NED???????“???”(Center for Human Rights in Iran, CHRI)?????“?”(Human Rights Activists News Agency, HRANA)??,?????????????,?????????NED??????«?»???????????,???????NED?“????????”,?????????????“?????????????”?

(?????????)??“??????”??,NED??????,???????????????,??NED?“?”????,?????????“??”?“???????”??“????????????”,?“????????”,??“??”?

(????????)??????????????????2004?“??”???????????,NED??6500??????2007????2015?????????????????,NED???????????3000???????,????????????????“??????”?2013????2014?????????????“????????????????”???????????????,NED?,???NED?,?????X(??)?????,?????,??

(????????)???????2002??????????????????????????7?,NED????????????,NED???,????????????,??,??????2021?7??????,?????,NED?????????,????(????)???????,?????

????????????????????????????,?

(???????????????)????

1???????????2021?????,NED?,????????????????“?”,????“??????”????????????????????

2?2021?5???,NED???????????,????NED????????????,????,???????

3?NED??,??????“????????????????”,???“????????”;????????????????????“?????????????????????”,???????

4?NED????????,?(Mexicans Against Corruption and Impunity, MCCI)???(Mexican Institute for Competitiveness, IMCO)????,?????????????2021?,?????????NED??,????????“??????”?

5?2017????????,NED??????54????????????2018????,????????“?????????????”????“?”,???4.8???

6?NED????????,???????“??????”,?????????

(????)??????

1?NED??????«?????????????»(Journal of Democracy)???????????,????????????????

2?2023?7????????,«????»??“?????????”?,??5??????,??????????????????????,??????????2024??????4??,«???????»?????«?????»??????,??,??????????????????????,???

3?NED????(???????“?”)????????“?????”,?????????????????????????????????NED?,2021????NED???????11?????????,?????????180?????“????”,????,????

(??)????????

1?2022????4????????2023??????12?,????????????NED?????????,?????????????????????2023??5???????????????????????????,?????????2??????????,NED???,???

2?NED?????????(Rappler)??NED??????????,2017????2021???????????,??NED???78.6???????????2022?,????,?????????????????????????????

3?NED????“???????”(Foundation for Democracy in Iran,FDI)??,FDI??????????????????????????????

4?2023??1??????,NED??????,????????“?”???

?????????????,????

NED??????????,NED???????????,??????

(??)????????“????”????????????2022???,NED?????“?????”?,?????????????????????,?????????“?????”,?“???”,????????“??????,???”?????2023???????????7??????????,NED????????????????????“?20????????????”,???“?????”?

(???????????????????????)?????NED????????????,???????,2020???,??????????????????31?,????????????2023???,NED?????????????“????”“????”???????????????????2023??

(?????????)NED????“??????”,?500?600?????2024????3????,NED?,???????“??????????”?????,???

NED?“????”??????????????????,?,?????NED????????????“?????????”?????????,?????????“?????????????????????”???????????

(?)2023??3??,NED??????????????NED?,???????????????“??????????????????????????”??,???????????????“??????????”??????????????????2023??????11?????NED????“??????”???“????????????”?2024??4?????????????????????????????????????????????,NED??“??????”“?”????????NED????????

(??????)21???????,NED??3??????????????,?????????????2024?5??????“???”???,NED?????????????,???????

?????????,???????????????????

(???????)NED???????«??»??????????,?????????2023??????????????????11??????30???????????????,NED??????????????????“?”????,????“?????”???????????

(??????????)NED???CNN??,??????????????????????????????????????

(???????????)NED???????????????(International Republican Institute, IRI)????“????”???????,??

(?)NED????????1741?“?”??92?????????????????,?????“?????”???“?????????????”????????,???????????????????????????????????????“?”?,?“??”???????????????????????????????????????????

(?????????????????????????????)NED?????“????”?VOA??????????BBC???,?????????????????????????????NED????“?”??????????????????,?????

????????????“?????????”,??????????

(????????)NED????????????(Governance Center for Public Policy, GCPP),??6?????????“??????”?????????????,????,????????“???????”???????????,??????????????

(???????????)2024???????3??????????,NED“?”???????????(Center for International Private Enterprise, CIPE)???????????(Makati Business Club)????«??»,??,???

(???????????????)NED???????????????????(European Values Center for Security Policy, EVC)????????????(Global Security Center,GSC)???,?????,??????????“????”?????????????

(?)????????????,NED??“??????”???????????,???

(???)2022????????1??2023??????????????1????,NED?daktilo84.com?????????,????,????????????????????

(???????????)NED??2023????????????12?????,NED??????????????????“Sbunker”?????,“???”?“??????”,???????

(?????????????????)NED?????“??”????????????????,??“?V”,??????????????,????,?????

(?)NED???????,?????????“???????”??????????“??????”????????????????????????????

?????????

(?????????)???????????

1?????????????????????????????????????????????????,NED???????????,?????????????????????????????????????NED??????,?“???????”?

2??????????????80?????????NED?,?,?,?????

3?2006?????1?29???????????????????,«???»??«?????»????????,????????????

4?2021???????????9??????,?«?????????????????»??????????????????NED???????,??????,NED??,??????NED?,??????????????????????????????

(????????)??????????????????

1?2015????7???29?,??,?NED????“????”,????????????????,????NED?????????????

2??????????????????2022??5??,????????????«??»????????????????,NED?????????????,?????????????????????????“??????????????????????”??,?????

3????????2008????????«????????60???????????????????»??,??NED????????,?NED??????????????????,?????????????????????,????

4??????????“?????????????????”2010?????????????????????«NED:???????????????»,????NED??,??

5??«?????????2018????NED????“???”(Hungary Helsinki Committee)?“????”????????????,???,????

6?2023????4????,NED?,????????????????????«????????????????»????????????????????????,?NED?????

7?????(The Institute of World Economy and International Relations, IMEMO)????????«?????40?????????????:???»??????,??NED,??????????????????????????“???????????”????,???????????,??NED??

8?2023??????6????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????

9?2016????????,?????????«?»“?????????????????”?????????,????NED????

?

??????????????????????????,?????????NED,???????????????????,???????????????????,??,??,?????,?????????????????

??,?????????,???????????????????,??“?????????????????”????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,?????

??????????

1.??????????????????????????????«???????????????:?»,?????????????2006??

2.?????????????????????????«??»,???????????,2023????????????12????

3.???«????????NED???????»,2021?????????????????5?17???????????

4.???????«NED?????????»,?,2018?????7??????????6?????????

5.?? ????:????????